Conversion Factors
View the common conversion factors for energy use in Ireland.
Energy units
Energy is delivered in many different fuels and sources and can be expressed in terms of volume, mass, energy or emissions. Using the conversion factors below, it is possible to express each fuel or energy source in common units of energy or emissions so that they can be compared and aggregated.
Energy unit types
- Joule (J): Joule is the international unit of energy
- Kilowatt hour (kWh): This is the conventional unit of energy that electricity is measured by and charged for commercially.
- Tonne of oil equivalent (toe): This is a conventional standardised unit of energy (41.868 GJ), and is defined on the basis of a tonne of typical oil having a net calorific value of 41,868 kJ/kg. A related unit is the kilogram of oil equivalent (kgoe), where 1,000 kgoe = 1 toe.
Energy conversion factors
| To | toe | MWh | GJ |
|---|---|---|---|
| From | Multiply by | ||
| toe | 1 | 11.63 | 41.868 |
| MWh | 0.086 | 1 | 3.6 |
| GJ | 0.02388 | 0.2778 | 1 |
Calorific values
Conversions of fuel quantities -- from physical units to energy units -- require conversion factors expressing the heat obtainable from one fuel unit. Conversion factors are termed the "calorific value" or "heating value" of fuels. Definitions of energy units (toe and J) appear above, while the description of net calorific values (NCV) appears below the table.
| Fuel | Net Calorific Value (toe/t) | Net Calorific Value (MJ/t) |
|---|---|---|
| Crude Oil | 1.0226 | 42,814 |
| Gasoline / Petrol | 1.0650 | 44,589 |
| Kerosene | 1.0556 | 44,196 |
| Jet Kerosene | 1.0533 | 44,100 |
| Gasoil / Diesel | 1.0344 | 43,308 |
| Residual Fuel Oil / Fuel Oil | 0.9849 | 41,236 |
| LPG | 1.1263 | 47,156 |
| Petroleum Coke | 0.7663 | 32,084 |
| Coal | 0.6650 | 27842 |
| Milled Peat | 0.1860 | 7,787 |
| Sod Peat | 0.3130 | 13,105 |
| Peat Briquettes | 0.4430 | 18,548 |
| Fuel | Gross Calorific Value (MJ/m³) | Net Calorific Value (MJ/m³) |
|---|---|---|
| Natural Gas (2021) | 39.0 | 35.2 |
Gross calorific value (GCV) is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, in particular condensing any water vapour produced. Net calorific value (NCV) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporisation of the water vapour from the higher heating value. Since the NCV represents the amount of actual usable energy, we adopted NCVs into the methodology for Ireland’s Energy Balance. The differences between net and gross calorific values are typically about 5% to 6% of the gross value for solid and liquid fuels, and about 10% for natural gas.
Source: European Commission (2019) Energy balance guide link.
Emission factors
The table below shows emission factors for CO2 per unit of energy for particular fuels. Definitions of energy units (toe and J) and net calorific values (NCV) appear above. TJ stands for terajoule or 1012 joules. Values for Petroleum Coke, Milled Peat, Natural Gas and Electricity change annually.
| Fuel | tCO₂/TJ (NCV) | gCO₂/kWh (NCV) |
|---|---|---|
| Liquid Fuels | ||
| Gasoline / Petrol | 70.0 | 251.9 |
| Kerosene | 71.4 | 257.0 |
| Jet Kerosene | 71.4 | 257.0 |
| Gasoil / Diesel | 73.3 | 263.9 |
| Residual Oil / Fuel Oil | 76.0 | 273.6 |
| LPG | 63.7 | 229.3 |
| Naphta | 73.3 | 264.0 |
| Petroleum Coke 2021 | 94.1 | 338.7 |
| Solid Fuels and Derivatives | ||
| Coal | 94.6 | 340.6 |
| Milled Peat 2021 | 119.6 | 430.5 |
| Sod Peat | 104.0 | 374.4 |
| Peat Briquettes | 98.9 | 355.9 |
| Natural Gas 2021 | 56.4 | 202.9 |
| Electricity 2021 | 96.6 | 347.8 |
Fuel densities
Conversion from volume (litres) to mass (tonnes) for liquid fuels requires the densities of the liquids, with the most common fuels shown here.
| Fuel | Density (in litres/tonnes) |
|---|---|
| Kerosene | 1250 |
| Crude Oil | 1067 |
| Gasoline (Petrol) | 1325 |
| Diesel / Gasoil | 1183 |
| Heavy Fuel Oil | 1062 |
| LPG* | 1915 |
| Biodiesel | 1136 |
| Bioethanol | 1250 |
| Pure Plant Oil | 1087 |
| *Assumes a mixture of 70% propane & 30% butane by mass |
Primary energy conversion factors
Energy consumption can be expressed as total final consumption (TFC) or total primary energy requirement (TPER). TPER accounts for the energy that is consumed and/or lost in transformation, transmission and distribution processes. It is calculated by applying conversion factors, which vary by fuel type, to TFC values. The table below shows the conversion factors for 2019. Historic conversion factors can be downloaded here.
| Fuel | 2021 conversion factor |
|---|---|
| Aviation fuels | 1.1 |
| Biogas / landfill gas | 1.0 |
| Coal | 1.1 |
| District heat | 1.1 |
| Electricity | 1.952 |
| Gasoil | 1.1 |
| Kerosene | 1.1 |
| Light, medium & heavy fuel oils | 1.1 |
| LPG | 1.1 |
| Manufactured Ovoids | 1.2 |
| Marked diesel, road diesel & petrol | 1.1 |
| Natural gas |
1.1 |
| Peat | 1.1 |
| Pure biodiesel / bioethanol | 1.1 |
| Solar thermal | 1.0 |
| Wood briquettes / chips / logs / pellets | 1.1 |